The dynamics of psychological attributes and symptomatic comorbidity of depression in children and adolescents.

PURPOSE: This investigation aimed to explore attribute dynamics and symptomatic comorbidity of depression with internalizing, externalizing, and other personal-contextual problems in children and adolescents from a network analysis. METHODS: We tested an attribute network of regularized partial correlations, standard and alternative centrality measures, and comorbidity bridge symptoms according to centrality bridge measures. RESULTS: Regularized partial correlation network and a centrality measures graph shown the prominent position of social problems and anxiety-depression. Minimum spanning tree (MST) found a hierarchical dynamics between attributes where mixed anxiety-depression was identified as the core and the other attributes were hierarchically connected to it by being positioned in six branches that are differentiated according to their theoretical contents. The most central connections are established with the attributes of their own community or theoretical groups, and 37 bridge symptoms were identified in all networks. CONCLUSIONS: A significant role of mixed anxiety depression as an activator and intermediary of psychopathologies was supported as a central attribute of internalizing problems. Aggressive behavior as part of the broad externalizing dimension was one of the constructs that most intensively activate the network, and social problems were also distinguished as a relevant factor not only in terms of connections and central attributes but also in terms of bridge symptoms and comorbidity. This framework extends to the study of symptomatic "comorbidity."

Cyberbullying and Psychopathological Behaviors in Spanish Secondary Education Students.

Cyberbullying is considered a serious health problem that mainly affect adolescents, with different characteristics depending on the role in which they are directly involved. The objective of our research was to analyze the sociodemographic characteristics and psychopathological behaviors among the roles of those involved in cyberbullying (victims, aggressors, bystanders and aggressive victims). The study participants were 280 students aged between 12 and 17 years (61.8% female) from the Region of Murcia, Spain. The Cyberbullying Screening of Bullying among Peers, the Clinical Analysis Questionnaire and a sociodemographic survey were used. Hierarchical regression analysis was used. This study showed that the roles of those directly involved in cyberbullying correlate with psychopathological behaviors. It is a priority to promote prevention programs aimed at improving cyberbullying among students.

Dopamine Neuron Activity and Stress Signaling as Links Between Social Hierarchy and Psychopathology Vulnerability.

BACKGROUND: Social status in humans, generally reflected by socioeconomic status, has been associated, when constrained, with heightened vulnerability to pathologies including psychiatric diseases. Social hierarchy in mice translates into individual and interdependent behavioral strategies of animals within a group. The rules leading to the emergence of a social organization are elusive, and detangling the contribution of social status from other factors, whether environmental or genetic, to normal and pathological behaviors remains challenging. METHODS: We investigated the mechanisms shaping the emergence of a social hierarchy in isogenic C57BL/6 mice raised in groups of 4 using conditional mutant mouse models and chemogenetic manipulation of dopamine midbrain neuronal activity. We further studied the evolution of behavioral traits and the vulnerability to psychopathological-like phenotypes according to the social status of the animals. RESULTS: Higher sociability predetermined higher social hierarchy in the colony. Upon hierarchy establishment, higher-ranked mice showed increased anxiety and better cognitive abilities in a working memory task. Strikingly, the higher-ranked mice displayed a reduced activity of dopaminergic neurons within the ventral tegmental area, paired with a decreased behavioral response to cocaine and a decreased vulnerability to depressive-like behaviors following repeated social defeats. The pharmacogenetic inhibition of this neuronal population and the genetic inactivation of glucocorticoid receptor signaling in dopamine-sensing brain areas that resulted in decreased dopaminergic activity promoted accession to higher social ranks. CONCLUSIONS: Dopamine activity and its modulation by the stress response shapes social organization in mice, potentially linking interindividual and social status differences in vulnerability to psychopathologies.

Review of studies on the use of microdosing with hallucinogens that combine psychotherapeutic techniques with administrations of LSD, MDMA or Psilocybin, as pharmacological complements in chronic psychopathologies, moderate, high, severe or chronic disorders, as well as in life-threatening diseases / Revisión sobre estudios del uso de microdosificación con alucinógenos que combinan técnicas psicoterapéuticas con administraciones de LSD, MDMA o Psilocibina, como complementos farmacológicos en psicopatologías crónicas, trastornos moderados, altos, graves o crónicos, así como en enfermedades potencialmente mortales

Microdosing (or microdoses) refers to ingesting a very low dose of a psychedelic substance, where there are no effects of cognitive, affective, perceptual and neurophysiological alterations. Institutions such as MAPS, Johns Hopkins University, Imperial College of London, and the FDA have recently designated such microdosing as a "breakthrough therapy" as it is a very promising alternative approach to mental health treatment. The purpose of this paper is to present a review of studies (double-blind, longitudinal, open, randomized and controlled trials [mostly with placebo]) on the use of microdosing with hallucinogens that combine psychotherapeutic techniques with administrations of LSD, MDMA or psilocybin, as pharmacological supplements in chronic psychopathologies, moderate, high, severe or chronic disorders, as well as in life-threatening diseases. Through, first, exposing the mechanisms of action of hallucinogens; second, explain the methodology for including relevant research in a period of fifteen years (2006-2021); third, show clinical trials; fourth and last, share a discussion about possible reported adverse effects.

La microdosificación (o las microdosis) hace referencia al ingerir una dosis muy baja de una sustancia psicodélica, donde no hay efectos de alteraciones cognitivas, afectivas, perceptivas y neurofisiológicas. Recientemente instituciones como la MAPS, la Universidad Johns Hopkins, el Imperial College of London y la FDA, a dicha microdosificación le han designado como «terapia innovadora¼, ya que es un enfoque alternativo muy prometedor para el tratamiento de salud mental.El propósito del presente es mostrar una revisión sobre estudios (a doble ciego, longitudinales, abiertos, ensayos aleatorizados y controlados [en su mayoría con placebo]) del uso de microdosificación con alucinógenos que combinan técnicas psicoterapéuticas con administraciones de LSD, MDMA o psilocibina, como complementos farmacológicos en psicopatologías crónicas, trastornos moderados, altos, graves o crónicos, así como en enfermedades máximamente mortales. A través, primero, de exponer los mecanismos de acción de los alucinógenos; segundo, explicar la metodología de inclusión de las investigaciones relevantes en un período de quince años (2006-2021); tercero, mostrar los clinicos; cuarto y último, compartir una discusión sobre posibles efectos adversos reportados.

Modern Aspects of the Complex Interactions between Biodiversity and the Main Neuropsychiatric Disorders.

The high incidence of psychopathologies recorded in today's human society, correlated with the high percentages of biodiversity loss, point to the need for an interdisciplinary approach of the scientific fields under study-neuroscience and biodiversity conservation. Thus, our approach here presents, in a synergistic manner, the significant correlation between mental health and the increased values of biodiversity in the ecosystems located in the immediate vicinity, especially those located in the middle of cities. Our approach aims to emphasize the importance of biodiversity conservation in the context of preserving mental health and general well-being. There are a series of recent experimental demonstrations that outline the influence of natural elements on the human psyche and, implicitly, the effects of nature in the prevention and reduction of stress, anxiety, and depression. And beyond the cognitive barriers of humanity in relating to the surrounding biodiversity must lie the desire to know the values of biodiversity and the absolute importance of its conservation. The sustainable relationship between humans and living nature, seen as a complex of biodiversity, is dealt with by a branch of science called human ecology. Therefore, this study emphasizes the crucial need to know and respect the connection between man and nature, based, since time immemorial, on biophilia. And with the regression of ignorance and the correlated approach of several scientific fields, some at the intersection of the humanities and natural sciences, one can observe the progress of preserving the dynamic balance within ecosystems and, implicitly, the preservation of mental health and human well-being.

Maternal infection during pregnancy aggravates the behavioral response to an immune challenge during adolescence in female rats.

Prenatal and early postnatal infection have been associated with changes in microglial activity and the development of psychiatric disorders. Here, we investigated the effect of prenatal immune activation and postnatal immune challenge, alone and combined, on behavior and microglial cell density in female Wistar rats. Pregnant rats were injected with poly I:C to induce a maternal immune activation (MIA). Their female offspring were subsequently exposed to a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) immune challenge during adolescence. Anhedonia, social behavior, anxiety, locomotion, and working memory were measured with the sucrose preference, social interaction, open field, elevated-plus maze, and Y-maze test, respectively. Microglia cell density was quantified by counting the number of Iba-1 positive cells in the brain cortex. Female MIA offspring were more susceptible to the LPS immune challenge during adolescence than control offspring as demonstrated by a more pronounced reduction in sucrose preference and body weight on the days following the LPS immune challenge. Furthermore, only the rats exposed to both MIA and LPS showed long-lasting changes in social behavior and locomotion. Conversely, the combination MIA and LPS prevented the anxiety induced by MIA alone during adulthood. MIA, LPS, or their combination did not change microglial cell density in the parietal and frontal cortex of adult rats. The results of our study suggest that the maternal immune activation during pregnancy aggravates the response to an immune challenge during adolescence in female rats.

Directed forgetting of emotionally toned items and mental health: a meta-analytic review.

Item- and list-method directed forgetting paradigms have been used to study forgetting of emotionally toned items in clinical and control group populations for several decades. Meta-analysis of item-method studies found that clinical populations retained more remember- than forget-cued items of each valence. These effects were comparable to that shown by control populations for positive and negative items, but less than that shown by controls on neutral items. Encoding deficits may underlie clinical populations' item-method directed forgetting since those populations retained fewer remember-cued items of each valence compared to control populations. Moderator analysis indicated larger effect size variability for some clinical populations (e.g., anxiety disorders) than other populations (e.g., PTSD, schizophrenia). Meta-analysis of list-method directed forgetting among clinical populations revealed only List 1 forgetting or costs for neutral items; i.e., better memory for to-be-remembered than forgotten List 1 neutral items, but no List 2 enhancements or benefits; i.e., better memory for List 2 items among those told to forget than remember List 1 items, for any item valence. Control populations showed costs and benefits for all item valences. Results from both paradigms are discussed in terms of clinical-control population differences in executive processes. Limitations of the meta-analyses and suggestions for future research are presented.

Differential effects of transcranial current type on heart rate variability during emotion regulation in internalizing psychopathologies.

BACKGROUND: Internalizing psychopathologies (IPs) are characterized by disruptions in emotion regulation (ER). A potential target for ER modulation in individuals with IPs is the theta band. We hypothesized that offset theta-tACS (transcranial alternating current stimulation) would result in more enhanced ER, indexed by greater increase in heart rate variability (HRV), than transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in participants with IPs. METHODS: This pilot study utilized a double-blind, pseudo-counterbalanced design. Participants with internalizing psychopathologies (anxiety and depression) were randomly assigned to receive either offset theta-tACS (n = 14) or tDCS (n = 15) and underwent four sessions of stimulation (two sham). In both arms, there were alternating iterations of an emotion regulation task (ERT) during or immediately after stimulation and rest. Heart rate data were collected during each ERT and rest iteration, and analyses were completed using high-frequency (HF) and root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) HRV metrics. RESULTS: tACS participants consistently displayed increases in both HRV metrics from Time 1 to Time 4. Participants receiving tDCS displayed few significant changes in HF-HRV and no significant changes in RMSSD-HRV. LIMITATIONS: Due to the small sample size, analyses were limited. Additionally, the lack of a baseline ERT makes it difficult to determine overall ER improvement. CONCLUSIONS: tACS appears to increase ER capacity as reflected in increased HRV in individuals with internalizing psychopathologies, particularly after two sessions of stimulation. This study adds validity to the use of tACS as a neuromodulatory technique in cognitive and clinical research. Additional research is required to better understand potential carry-over effects of multiple sessions of stimulation.

Social adversity during juvenile age but not adulthood increases susceptibility to an immune challenge later in life.

Adverse experiences in early life can increase mental vulnerability to immune challenges experienced later in life, which may induce the development of stress-related psychopathologies. Here, we investigated whether the combined effect of both events is higher if the first adverse experience occurs when the brain is still in development. Therefore, male Wistar rats were exposed to repeated social defeat (RSD, first hit) during juvenile age or adulthood and to an immune challenge consisting of a single injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, second hit) in adulthood. Control animals were not exposed to RSD, but only to the LPS challenge. Translocator protein density, a marker for reactive microglia, microglia cell density and plasma corticosterone levels were measured using in vivo [11C]PBR28 positron emission tomography, iba1 immunostaining, and corticosterone ELISA, respectively. Anhedonia, social behavior and anxiety were measured with the sucrose preference, social interaction, and open field tests, respectively. Rats exposed to RSD during juvenile age exhibited enhanced anhedonia and social interaction dysfunction after an immune challenge in adulthood. This enhanced susceptibility was not observed in rats exposed to RSD during adulthood. In addition, exposure to RSD synergistically increased microglia cell density and glial reactivity to the LPS challenge. This increase in microglia cell density and reactivity to the LPS challenge was more pronounced in rats exposed to RSD during juvenile age than in adulthood. Exposure to RSD alone in juvenile age or adulthood induced similar short-term anhedonia, a long-lasting increase in plasma corticosterone and microglial activity, but no change in anxiety and social behavior. Our findings indicate that exposure to social stress during juvenile age, but not adulthood, primes the immune system and increases the sensitivity to an immune challenge experienced later in life. This suggests that juvenile social stress can have more deleterious effects in the long term than similar stress in adulthood.

Neuromodulatory effects of transcranial electrical stimulation on emotion regulation in internalizing psychopathologies.

OBJECTIVE: We hypothesize offset theta-tACS (transcranial alternating current stimulation) improves emotion regulation (ER) and psychopathology more than transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in participants with internalizing psychopathologies (IPs). METHODS: This pilot study utilized a double-blind, pseudo-counterbalanced, sham-controlled design with participants with IPs. Participants were assigned to receive tDCS or tACS, underwent four stimulation sessions (two sham), and completed an emotion regulation task (ERT) during or after stimulation. Participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory before/after the study, the Spielberger State and Trait Anxiety Index after each ERT, and rated their arousal, valence, and perceived reappraisal ability during the ERT. RESULTS: Participants receiving either stimulation type showed a reduction in anxiety, depression, and valence and arousal ratings. We additionally discovered an effect demonstrating those who received sham stimulation first displayed little-to-no change in any score across the study, but tACS participants who received verum stimulation first showed significant improvements in each metric. CONCLUSIONS: Improving ER capabilities via theta tACS has the potential to yield beneficial clinical effects. SIGNIFICANCE: This study adds validity to the use of non-invasive neuromodulatory methods, especially tACS, to alleviate IPs. Additional research is needed to better understand the effects of sham stimulation. Careful consideration of sham incorporation should be made in future studies.

Mediating Effect of Psychological Process Variables on the Relationship between Dysfunctional Coping and Psychopathologies: A Comparative Study on Psychopathologies during COVID-19.

The COVID-19 crisis has had repercussions on global mental wellbeing. This study aimed: (1) to identify the mediating role of psychological process variables, namely psychological mindedness, psychological mindfulness, and psychological inflexibility on the relationship between dysfunctional coping and psychopathologies in Indonesian undergraduate students subjected to national quarantine orders throughout July, 2020 and (2) to compare the level of anxiety, depression, and anxiety between Indonesian and Malaysian undergraduate students. A cross-sectional study was performed with 869 Indonesian undergraduate students from Nahdlatul Ulama University of Surabaya (UNUSA) and 515 undergraduate students from Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS). The BIPM, MAAS, AAQ-I, DASS-21, and Brief COPE were used to assess the research variables. The proportion who scored "moderate" and above for depression, anxiety, and stress were 20.2%, 25.0%, and 14.2%, respectively, in Malaysian samples and 22.2%, 35.0%, and 23.48% in Indonesian samples. In Study 1, psychological mindedness, psychological mindfulness, and psychological inflexibility significantly mediated the relationship between dysfunctional coping and psychopathologies. In Study 2, Indonesians demonstrated significantly higher anxiety and stress compared to Malaysian samples. Despite the contrasting COVID-19 situations in Malaysia and Indonesia, psychopathologies were more affected in Indonesia. Hence, our study suggests how crucial it is for mental health providers to consider promoting psychological mindedness, psychological mindfulness, and psychological flexibility to alleviate the corresponding psychopathologies among undergraduate students.

Aggression, Aggression-Related Psychopathologies and Their Models.

Neural mechanisms of aggression and violence are often studied in the laboratory by means of animal models. A multitude of such models were developed over the last decades, which, however, were rarely if ever compared systematically from a psychopathological perspective. By overviewing the main models, I show here that the classical ones exploited the natural tendency of animals to defend their territory, to fight for social rank, to defend themselves from imminent dangers and to defend their pups. All these forms of aggression are functional and adaptive; consequently, not necessarily appropriate for modeling non-natural states, e.g., aggression-related psychopathologies. A number of more psychopathology-oriented models were also developed over the last two decades, which were based on the etiological factors of aggression-related mental disorders. When animals were exposed to such factors, their aggressiveness suffered durable changes, which were deviant in the meaning that they broke the evolutionarily conserved rules that minimize the dangers associated with aggression. Changes in aggression were associated with a series of dysfunctions that affected other domains of functioning, like with aggression-related disorders where aggression is just one of the symptoms. The comparative overview of such models suggests that while the approach still suffers from a series of deficits, they hold the important potential of extending our knowledge on aggression control over the pathological domain of this behavior.

Challenges in the use of animal models and perspectives for a translational view of stress and psychopathologies.

The neurobiology and development of treatments for stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders rely heavily on animal models. However, the complexity of these disorders makes it difficult to model them entirely, so only specific features of human psychopathology are emulated and these models should be used with great caution. Importantly, the effects of stress depend on multiple factors, like duration, context of exposure, and individual variability. Here we present a review on pre-clinical studies of stress-related disorders, especially those developed to model posttraumatic stress disorder, major depression, and anxiety. Animal models provide relevant evidence of the underpinnings of these disorders, as long as face, construct, and predictive validities are fulfilled. The translational challenges faced by scholars include reductionism and anthropomorphic/anthropocentric interpretation of the results instead of a more naturalistic and evolutionary understanding of animal behavior that must be overcome to offer a meaningful model. Other limitations are low statistical power of analysis, poor evaluation of individual variability, sex differences, and possible conflicting effects of stressors depending on specific windows in the lifespan.

Examining Psychometrics of the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale in Children Ages 8-12 Years Using Child and Parent Report.

Perfectionism, especially the evaluative concerns domain, correlates positively with mental health distress. The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (F-MPS) is one of the most widely used measures of perfectionism, but has not been validated in children or as a measure of parent-report of child perfectionism. The present study aimed to validate the reliability and concurrent, convergent, and factor analytic validity of the F-MPS as a measure for young children. The F-MPS was administered to a sample of 114 children ages 8-12, and their parent. Results suggest that the F-MPS is valid for parent, but not child, report of child perfectionism. The lack of support for the child report may be due to developmental limitations of children understanding and reporting of their own perfectionism traits. In contrast, parent-report using the brief version of the F-MPS appears to be an economical and valid measure of perfectionism in young children. Improved measures of perfectionism in youth would aid in early intervention to buffer the negative mental health effects of the maladaptive aspects of perfectionism.

Taijiquan and qigong as a mindfulness cognitive-behavioural based therapy on the treatment of cothymia in school-age children - A preliminary study.

INTRODUCTION: The development and well-being of children are directly linked to several aspects. Among those aspects, physical activity, an adequate nutrition, and a healthy mind, seem to be of crucial importance. Psychopathologies, such as anxiety and depression, have a negative impact on life, especially when co-occurring (mixed-anxiety depression disorder/cothymia), and the clinical implications include a higher risk of suicide and psychiatric hospitalization, elevated disability, decreased compliance with medical treatment, and considerably increased usage of medical services. Thus, research in conventional and nonconventional modalities is necessary to address this issue. The main objective of this study was to understand if TJQ and QG could be effective as a mindfulness cognitive-behavioural based therapeutic tool with body movement, for the treatment of children suffering from cothymia. METHODS: In this small study, six selected children, four males and two females aged between 7 and 11 years old, were taught a set of exercises of TaijiQuan (TJQ) and Qi Gong (QG). To obtain the results, the Achenbach Teacher's Report Form (TRF) was applied at the beginning of the experimental period, as well as at the ending of the experimental period. The resulting scores were analysed to observe the difference between both moments of evaluation. RESULTS: Results showed some improvements in symptoms, with an average improvement of 46%. CONCLUSION: TJQ and QG seem to be a promising complementary therapeutic tool in cognitive-behavioural approaches for children who suffer from cothymia, as well as prevention and control for children who may not display symptoms at a clinical level. However, further research is needed in order to understand the full potential of these therapeutic exercises.

Forgetting Unwanted Memories: Active Forgetting and Implications for the Development of Psychological Disorders.

Intrusive memories are a common feature of many psychopathologies, and suppression-induced forgetting of unwanted memories appears as a critical ability to preserve mental health. In recent years, biological and cognitive studies converged in revealing that forgetting is due to active processes. Recent neurobiological studies provide evidence on the active role of main neurotransmitter systems in forgetting, suggesting that the brain actively works to suppress retrieval of unwanted memories. On the cognitive side, there is evidence that voluntary and involuntary processes (here termed "intentional" and "incidental" forgetting, respectively) contribute to active forgetting. In intentional forgetting, an inhibitory control mechanism suppresses awareness of unwanted memories at encoding or retrieval. In incidental forgetting, retrieval practice of some memories involuntarily suppresses the retrieval of other related memories. In this review we describe recent findings on deficits in active forgetting observed in psychopathologies, like post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Moreover, we report studies in which the role of neurotransmitter systems, known to be involved in the pathogenesis of mental disorders, has been investigated in active forgetting paradigms. The possibility that biological and cognitive mechanisms of active forgetting could be considered as hallmarks of the early onset of psychopathologies is also discussed.

Social Defeat Stress During Early Adolescence Confers Resilience Against a Single Episode of Prolonged Stress in Adult Rats.

Early-life adverse experiences (first hit) lead to coping strategies that may confer resilience or vulnerability to later experienced stressful events (second hit) and the subsequent development of stress-related psychopathologies. Here, we investigated whether exposure to two stressors at different stages in life has long-term effects on emotional and cognitive capabilities, and whether the interaction between the two stressors influences stress resilience. Male rats were subjected to social defeat stress (SDS, first hit) in adolescence and to a single episode of prolonged stress (SPS, second hit) in adulthood. Behavioral outcomes, hippocampal expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and plasma corticosterone levels were tested in adulthood. Rats exposed to both stressors exhibited resilience against the development of stress-induced alterations in emotional behaviors and spatial memory, but vulnerability to cued fear memory dysfunction. Rats subjected to both stressors demonstrated resilience against the SDS-induced alterations in hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression and plasma corticosterone levels. SPS alone altered locomotion and spatial memory retention; these effects were absent in SDS-exposed rats later exposed to SPS. Our findings reveal that exposure to social stress during early adolescence influences the ability to cope with a second challenge experienced later in life.

Anxiety and depression symptoms disrupt resting state connectivity in patients with genetic generalized epilepsies.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the lifetime trajectories in genetic generalized epilepsies (GGEs) and investigate the impact of symptoms of anxiety and depression on resting state functional connectivity (FC). METHODS: Seventy-four GGE patients were classified according to the pharmacological response as seizure-free (12 patients), pharmacoresistant (PhR; 14 patients), and fluctuating (FL; 48 patients). Fifty-four subjects completed both the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and 38 also underwent 3-T resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging. These 38 patients were subdivided into a positive group (13 patients with concurrent symptoms of depression and anxiety) and a negative group (21 asymptomatic patients and four with mild anxiety or depression symptoms). For FC analysis of resting state networks, we matched 38 healthy asymptomatic volunteers and used the UF2C toolbox running on MATLAB2017/SPM12. RESULTS: The PhR group presented shorter duration of epilepsy (P = 0.016) and follow-up (P < 0.001) compared to the FL group. The PhR group showed higher levels (median = 20) on the BAI and BDI. Myoclonic seizures were the most difficult to control, as 50% of subjects persisted with them at last appointment, compared to generalized tonic-clonic seizures and absence seizures (<40%). Patients with concurrent anxiety and depression symptoms were 7.7 times more likely to exhibit pharmacoresistant seizures, although an increase of 1 year of epilepsy duration was associated with a decrease in the odds of presenting pharmacoresistance by a factor of 0.9. Overall, FC was altered between default mode network (DMN) and visuospatial/dorsal attention. However, only the positive group displayed abnormal FC between DMN and left executive control network, and between salience and visuospatial/dorsal attention. SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings may help clinicians to have a better understanding of GGE clinical course and increase attention to the potential relationship of psychopathologies and brain connectivity.